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中国 文化大革命 （1968年８月）

China: Denouncing 'Capitalist Roaders', scene from the Cultural Revolution (1966-1976), August 1968 The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, commonly known as the Cultural Revolution (Chinese: ), was a socio-political movement that took place in the People's Republic of China from 1966 through 1976. Set into motion by Mao Zedong, then Chairman of the Communist Party of China, its stated goal was to enforce socialism in the country by removing capitalist, traditional and cultural elements from Chinese society, and impose Maoist orthodoxy within the Party. The revolution marked the return of Mao Zedong to a position of political power, after he lost most of his political influence after his failed Great Leap Forward. Using only his name and credibility, he used the controlled anarchy of the cultural revolution to remove his inner-party opponents, most notably China`s president Liu Shaoqi. The movement brought chaos, as social norms largely evaporated and the previously established political institutions disintegrated at all levels of government. The Revolution was launched in May 1966. Mao alleged that bourgeois elements were entering the government and society at large, aiming to restore capitalism. He insisted that these 'revisionists' be removed through violent class struggle. China's youth then responded to Mao's appeal by forming Red Guard groups around the country. The movement then spread into the military, urban workers, and the Communist Party leadership itself. It resulted in widespread factional struggles in all walks of life. In the top leadership, it led to a mass purge of senior officials who were accused of deviating from the socialist path, most notably Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping. During the same period Mao's personality cult grew to immense proportions. The Cultural Revolution damaged the country on a great scale economically and socially. Millions of people were persecuted in the violent factional struggles that ensued across the country, and suffered a wide range of abuses including torture, rape, imprisonment, susta

日付：1968年8月1日

中国、北京　天安門広場　華表になびく紅衛兵旗　［３年目を迎えた中国の文化革命］

華表になびく紅衛兵旗　北京建築工業学院の紅衛兵たちは天安門の華表（写真中央の大理石の柱）に赤旗をたて「一身を投げすてても劉少奇を馬からひきずりおろす」というビラをはり５０余日がんばった　1968年撮影

日付：1968年1月1日

中国 文化大革命 （1968年頃）

China: A meeting to denounce 'Rightists' and 'Capitalist Roaders', scene from the Cultural Revolution (1966-1967), c. 1968 The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, commonly known as the Cultural Revolution (Chinese: ), was a socio-political movement that took place in the People's Republic of China from 1966 through 1976. Set into motion by Mao Zedong, then Chairman of the Communist Party of China, its stated goal was to enforce socialism in the country by removing capitalist, traditional and cultural elements from Chinese society, and impose Maoist orthodoxy within the Party. The revolution marked the return of Mao Zedong to a position of political power, after he lost most of his political influence after his failed Great Leap Forward. Using only his name and credibility, he used the controlled anarchy of the cultural revolution to remove his inner-party opponents, most notably China`s president Liu Shaoqi. The movement brought chaos, as social norms largely evaporated and the previously established political institutions disintegrated at all levels of government. The Revolution was launched in May 1966. Mao alleged that bourgeois elements were entering the government and society at large, aiming to restore capitalism. He insisted that these 'revisionists' be removed through violent class struggle. China's youth then responded to Mao's appeal by forming Red Guard groups around the country. The movement then spread into the military, urban workers, and the Communist Party leadership itself. It resulted in widespread factional struggles in all walks of life. In the top leadership, it led to a mass purge of senior officials who were accused of deviating from the socialist path, most notably Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping. During the same period Mao's personality cult grew to immense proportions. The Cultural Revolution damaged the country on a great scale economically and socially. Millions of people were persecuted in the violent factional struggles that ensued across the country, and suffered a wide range of abuses including torture, rape, imprisonment, susta

日付：1968年1月1日

中国 文化大革命 （1968年）

China: Scene from the Cultural Revolution (1966-1976), Liaoning, 1968 The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, commonly known as the Cultural Revolution (Chinese: ), was a socio-political movement that took place in the People's Republic of China from 1966 through 1976. Set into motion by Mao Zedong, then Chairman of the Communist Party of China, its stated goal was to enforce socialism in the country by removing capitalist, traditional and cultural elements from Chinese society, and impose Maoist orthodoxy within the Party. The revolution marked the return of Mao Zedong to a position of political power, after he lost most of his political influence after his failed Great Leap Forward. Using only his name and credibility, he used the controlled anarchy of the cultural revolution to remove his inner-party opponents, most notably China`s president Liu Shaoqi. The movement brought chaos, as social norms largely evaporated and the previously established political institutions disintegrated at all levels of government. The Revolution was launched in May 1966. Mao alleged that bourgeois elements were entering the government and society at large, aiming to restore capitalism. He insisted that these 'revisionists' be removed through violent class struggle. China's youth then responded to Mao's appeal by forming Red Guard groups around the country. The movement then spread into the military, urban workers, and the Communist Party leadership itself. It resulted in widespread factional struggles in all walks of life. In the top leadership, it led to a mass purge of senior officials who were accused of deviating from the socialist path, most notably Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping. During the same period Mao's personality cult grew to immense proportions. The Cultural Revolution damaged the country on a great scale economically and socially. Millions of people were persecuted in the violent factional struggles that ensued across the country, and suffered a wide range of abuses including torture, rape, imprisonment, susta

日付：1968年1月1日

文化大革命　中国、北京市　天安門広場に“反劉”のアドバルーン

天安門広場にあげられた“劉少奇打倒”を呼びかける気球＝北京市内で江頭数馬特派員撮影　1967年07月15日撮影

日付：1967年7月15日

中国 文化大革命 （1967年）

China: Persecution of a 'Capitalist Roader', Cultural Revolution (1966-1976), 1967 The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, commonly known as the Cultural Revolution (Chinese: ), was a socio-political movement that took place in the People's Republic of China from 1966 through 1976. Set into motion by Mao Zedong, then Chairman of the Communist Party of China, its stated goal was to enforce socialism in the country by removing capitalist, traditional and cultural elements from Chinese society, and impose Maoist orthodoxy within the Party. The revolution marked the return of Mao Zedong to a position of political power, after he lost most of his political influence after his failed Great Leap Forward. Using only his name and credibility, he used the controlled anarchy of the cultural revolution to remove his inner-party opponents, most notably China`s president Liu Shaoqi. The movement brought chaos, as social norms largely evaporated and the previously established political institutions disintegrated at all levels of government. The Revolution was launched in May 1966. Mao alleged that bourgeois elements were entering the government and society at large, aiming to restore capitalism. He insisted that these 'revisionists' be removed through violent class struggle. China's youth then responded to Mao's appeal by forming Red Guard groups around the country. The movement then spread into the military, urban workers, and the Communist Party leadership itself. It resulted in widespread factional struggles in all walks of life. In the top leadership, it led to a mass purge of senior officials who were accused of deviating from the socialist path, most notably Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping. During the same period Mao's personality cult grew to immense proportions. The Cultural Revolution damaged the country on a great scale economically and socially. Millions of people were persecuted in the violent factional struggles that ensued across the country, and suffered a wide range of abuses including torture, rape, imprisonment, susta

日付：1967年1月1日

毛沢東 林彪 劉少奇 （1966年）

Chairman Mao Zedong; Defence Minister Lin Biao; President Liu Shao qi and Vice Chairman, Soong Ching Ling on the Tiananmen rostrum during a parade in 1966

日付：1966年1月1日

人物：毛 沢東, 劉 少奇, 林 彪

中国 文化大革命 （1966年）

China: A scene from the Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) - criticism of 'Capitalist Roaders', 1966 The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, commonly known as the Cultural Revolution (Chinese: ), was a socio-political movement that took place in the People's Republic of China from 1966 through 1976. Set into motion by Mao Zedong, then Chairman of the Communist Party of China, its stated goal was to enforce socialism in the country by removing capitalist, traditional and cultural elements from Chinese society, and impose Maoist orthodoxy within the Party. The revolution marked the return of Mao Zedong to a position of political power, after he lost most of his political influence after his failed Great Leap Forward. Using only his name and credibility, he used the controlled anarchy of the cultural revolution to remove his inner-party opponents, most notably China`s president Liu Shaoqi. The movement brought chaos, as social norms largely evaporated and the previously established political institutions disintegrated at all levels of government. The Revolution was launched in May 1966. Mao alleged that bourgeois elements were entering the government and society at large, aiming to restore capitalism. He insisted that these 'revisionists' be removed through violent class struggle. China's youth then responded to Mao's appeal by forming Red Guard groups around the country. The movement then spread into the military, urban workers, and the Communist Party leadership itself. It resulted in widespread factional struggles in all walks of life. In the top leadership, it led to a mass purge of senior officials who were accused of deviating from the socialist path, most notably Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping. During the same period Mao's personality cult grew to immense proportions. The Cultural Revolution damaged the country on a great scale economically and socially. Millions of people were persecuted in the violent factional struggles that ensued across the country, and suffered a wide range of abuses including torture, rape, imprisonment, susta

日付：1966年1月1日

石橋湛山・訪中し劉少奇主席と会見 1963年

日付：1963年10月1日

人物：石橋 湛山, 劉 少奇

劉少奇 金日成

Liu SHAO-CHI., 金日成/Kim Il Sung, July 10, 1961 : the Prime Minister for Popular Republique Democratique korea of north, Kim Il SUNG leaves the airport of P?in in company of President of Republique Populaire Chinese Liu SHAO-CHI., (Photo by AFLO) [2067]

日付：1961年7月10日

人物：金 日成, 劉 少奇

周恩来 （1961年）

China: Liu Shaoqi, Zhou Enlai, Zhu De, Dong Biwu, He Long, Guo Moruo, Xi Zhongxun, Fu Zuoyi and Bao Erhan at Beijing's Capital Airport, Lu Xiangyou (Mao Zedong's personal photographer), 1961Liu Shaoqi (Liu Shao-ch'i, 24 November 1898 ? 12 November 1969) was a Chinese revolutionary, statesman, and theorist. He was Chairman of the People's Republic of China, China's head of state, from 27 April 1959 to 31 October 1968, during which he implemented policies of economic reconstruction in China. Zhou Enlai was the first Premier of the People's Republic of China, serving from October 1949 until his death in January 1976. Zhu De was a Chinese Communist military leader and statesman. He is regarded as the founder of the Chinese Red Army (the forerunner of the People's Liberation Army) and the tactician who engineered the victory of the People's Republic of China during the Chinese Civil War. Pictures From History Lu Xiangyou

日付：1961年1月1日

人物：劉 少奇, 朱 徳, 董 必武, 周 恩来

劉少奇 （撮影日不明）

劉少奇/Liu Shaoqi, Undated - News : (Photo by Rapho/Eyedea/AFLO)[2263]

日付：1960年1月1日

人物：劉 少奇

劉少奇 （撮影日不明）

劉少奇/Liu Shaoqi, Undated - News : (Photo by Rapho/Eyedea/AFLO)[2263]

日付：1960年1月1日

人物：劉 少奇

中華人民共和国 建国10年 東側諸国首脳が集結

From left: Herman Mattern, Vice-President of East German parliament, Teng Tse-hui, director of Chinese Rural Works department, Emil Bodnaras, Vice-President of Romanian cabinet, Dimitri Ganev, President of the Presidium of Bulgarian National Assembly, Alexander Zadavsky, President of Poland's State Council, Deng Xiaoping, general secretary of Chinese communist party, Marshal Lin Piao, Chinese defense minister, Kim Il-sung, North Korean Premier, Zhu Enlai, Chinese Prime Minister, Mikhail Suslov, secretary of the Central Committee of Soviet communist party, Ho Chi Minh, President of Vietnam, Mao Zedong, President of the Central Committee of Chinese communist party, Nikita Khrushchev, first secretary of Soviet Communist party and President of the council, Liu Shaoqi, President of China, Antonin Novotny, President of Czechoslovakia, Chu Teh, President of the permanent committee of Chinese People's Congress, Yumsjhagiin Tsedenbal, chairman of Mongolian Praesidium, Soon Chin Linh, Vice-President of China, widow of Sun Yat-sen, the founder of the Republic of China and sister of Mrs Chiang Kai-shek, Istvan Dobi, President of the Preasidium of Hungary, Tung Pi-wu, Vice-President of China, Mehmet Shehu, President of the State council of Albania, Liu Po-chu, Vice-President of the permanent committee of the People's committee, are gathered 01 October 1959 at the rostrum at Tiananmen Square in Beijing during a parade commemorating the anniversary of the People's Republic of China. (Photo by AFP)

日付：1959年10月1日

人物：ニキータ・フルシチョフ, 鄧 小平, 毛 沢東, 金 日成, ホー・チ・ミン, 劉 少奇, 朱 徳, 林 彪, ミハイル・スースロフ, 董 必武, メフメット・シェフー, アントニーン・ノヴォトニー, イシュトヴァーン・ドビ, 周 恩来

大躍進政策 （1958-61年）

The Great Leap Forward (simplified Chinese: ???; traditional Chinese: ???; pinyin: Dà yuè jìn) of the People's Republic of China (PRC) was an economic and social campaign of the Communist Party of China (CPC), reflected in planning decisions from 1958 to 1961, which aimed to use China's vast population to rapidly transform the country from an agrarian economy into a modern communist society through the process of rapid industrialization, and collectivization. Mao Zedong led the campaign based on the Theory of Productive Forces, and intensified it after being informed of the impending disaster from grain shortages. Chief changes in the lives of rural Chinese included the introduction of a mandatory process of agricultural collectivization, which was introduced incrementally. Private farming was prohibited, and those engaged in it were labeled as counter revolutionaries and persecuted. Restrictions on rural people were enforced through public struggle sessions, and social pressure. The Great Leap ended in catastrophe, resulting in tens of millions of excess deaths. Estimates of the death toll range from 18 million to at least 45 million. In subsequent conferences in 1960 and 1962, the negative effects of the Great Leap Forward were studied by the CPC, and Mao was criticized in the party conferences. Moderate Party members like Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping rose to power, and Mao was marginalized within the party, leading him to initiate the Cultural Revolution in 1966.

日付：1958年1月1日

大躍進政策 （1958-61年）

China: Victims of the disastrous famine produced by the Great Leap Forward (1958-1961). Between 18 and 42 million people died of starvation. The Great Leap Forward (simplified Chinese: ; traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: Dﾃ? yuﾃｨ jﾃｬn) of the People's Republic of China (PRC) was an economic and social campaign of the Communist Party of China (CPC), reflected in planning decisions from 1958 to 1961, which aimed to use China's vast population to rapidly transform the country from an agrarian economy into a modern communist society through the process of rapid industrialization, and collectivization. Mao Zedong led the campaign based on the Theory of Productive Forces, and intensified it after being informed of the impending disaster from grain shortages. Chief changes in the lives of rural Chinese included the introduction of a mandatory process of agricultural collectivization, which was introduced incrementally. Private farming was prohibited, and those engaged in it were labeled as counter revolutionaries and persecuted. Restrictions on rural people were enforced through public struggle sessions, and social pressure. The Great Leap ended in catastrophe, resulting in tens of millions of excess deaths. Estimates of the death toll range from 18 million to at least 45 million. In subsequent conferences in 1960 and 1962, the negative effects of the Great Leap Forward were studied by the CPC, and Mao was criticized in the party conferences. Moderate Party members like Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping rose to power, and Mao was marginalized within the party, leading him to initiate the Cultural Revolution in 1966. Pictures From History

日付：1958年1月1日

大躍進政策 （1958-61年）

China: A 'counter revolutionary' awaits execution during the Great Leap Forward (1958-1961). During this period it is estimated that at least 2.5 million people were beaten or tortured to death while 1 to 3 million committed suicide. The Great Leap Forward (simplified Chinese: ; traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: Dﾃ? yuﾃｨ jﾃｬn) of the People's Republic of China (PRC) was an economic and social campaign of the Communist Party of China (CPC), reflected in planning decisions from 1958 to 1961, which aimed to use China's vast population to rapidly transform the country from an agrarian economy into a modern communist society through the process of rapid industrialization, and collectivization. Mao Zedong led the campaign based on the Theory of Productive Forces, and intensified it after being informed of the impending disaster from grain shortages. Chief changes in the lives of rural Chinese included the introduction of a mandatory process of agricultural collectivization, which was introduced incrementally. Private farming was prohibited, and those engaged in it were labeled as counter revolutionaries and persecuted. Restrictions on rural people were enforced through public struggle sessions, and social pressure. The Great Leap ended in catastrophe, resulting in tens of millions of excess deaths. Estimates of the death toll range from 18 million to at least 45 million. In subsequent conferences in 1960 and 1962, the negative effects of the Great Leap Forward were studied by the CPC, and Mao was criticized in the party conferences. Moderate Party members like Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping rose to power, and Mao was marginalized within the party, leading him to initiate the Cultural Revolution in 1966. Pictures From History

日付：1958年1月1日

大躍進政策 （1958-61年）

China: Victims of the disastrous famine produced by the Great Leap Forward (1958-1961). Between 18 and 42 million people died of starvation. The Great Leap Forward (simplified Chinese: ; traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: Dﾃ? yuﾃｨ jﾃｬn) of the People's Republic of China (PRC) was an economic and social campaign of the Communist Party of China (CPC), reflected in planning decisions from 1958 to 1961, which aimed to use China's vast population to rapidly transform the country from an agrarian economy into a modern communist society through the process of rapid industrialization, and collectivization. Mao Zedong led the campaign based on the Theory of Productive Forces, and intensified it after being informed of the impending disaster from grain shortages. Chief changes in the lives of rural Chinese included the introduction of a mandatory process of agricultural collectivization, which was introduced incrementally. Private farming was prohibited, and those engaged in it were labeled as counter revolutionaries and persecuted. Restrictions on rural people were enforced through public struggle sessions, and social pressure. The Great Leap ended in catastrophe, resulting in tens of millions of excess deaths. Estimates of the death toll range from 18 million to at least 45 million. In subsequent conferences in 1960 and 1962, the negative effects of the Great Leap Forward were studied by the CPC, and Mao was criticized in the party conferences. Moderate Party members like Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping rose to power, and Mao was marginalized within the party, leading him to initiate the Cultural Revolution in 1966. Pictures From History

日付：1958年1月1日

大躍進政策 （1958-61年）

China: Communal eating during the Great Leap Forward (1958-1961) The Great Leap Forward (simplified Chinese: ; traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: Dﾃ? yuﾃｨ jﾃｬn) of the People's Republic of China (PRC) was an economic and social campaign of the Communist Party of China (CPC), reflected in planning decisions from 1958 to 1961, which aimed to use China's vast population to rapidly transform the country from an agrarian economy into a modern communist society through the process of rapid industrialization, and collectivization. Mao Zedong led the campaign based on the Theory of Productive Forces, and intensified it after being informed of the impending disaster from grain shortages. Chief changes in the lives of rural Chinese included the introduction of a mandatory process of agricultural collectivization, which was introduced incrementally. Private farming was prohibited, and those engaged in it were labeled as counter revolutionaries and persecuted. Restrictions on rural people were enforced through public struggle sessions, and social pressure. The Great Leap ended in catastrophe, resulting in tens of millions of excess deaths. Estimates of the death toll range from 18 million to at least 45 million. In subsequent conferences in 1960 and 1962, the negative effects of the Great Leap Forward were studied by the CPC, and Mao was criticized in the party conferences. Moderate Party members like Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping rose to power, and Mao was marginalized within the party, leading him to initiate the Cultural Revolution in 1966. Pictures From History

日付：1958年1月1日

大躍進政策 (1958-1961年)

The Great Leap Forward (simplified Chinese: ; traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: Dﾃ? yuﾃｨ jﾃｬn) of the People's Republic of China (PRC) was an economic and social campaign of the Communist Party of China (CPC), reflected in planning decisions from 1958 to 1961, which aimed to use China's vast population to rapidly transform the country from an agrarian economy into a modern communist society through the process of rapid industrialization, and collectivization. Mao Zedong led the campaign based on the Theory of Productive Forces, and intensified it after being informed of the impending disaster from grain shortages. Chief changes in the lives of rural Chinese included the introduction of a mandatory process of agricultural collectivization, which was introduced incrementally. Private farming was prohibited, and those engaged in it were labeled as counter revolutionaries and persecuted. Restrictions on rural people were enforced through public struggle sessions, and social pressure. The Great Leap ended in catastrophe, resulting in tens of millions of excess deaths. Estimates of the death toll range from 18 million to at least 45 million. In subsequent conferences in 1960 and 1962, the negative effects of the Great Leap Forward were studied by the CPC, and Mao was criticized in the party conferences. Moderate Party members like Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping rose to power, and Mao was marginalized within the party, leading him to initiate the Cultural Revolution in 1966. Pictures From History

日付：1958年1月1日

大躍進政策 （1958-61年）

China: A team of men working on a backyard furnace during the Great Leap Forward (1958-1961) The Great Leap Forward (simplified Chinese: ; traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: Dﾃ? yuﾃｨ jﾃｬn) of the People's Republic of China (PRC) was an economic and social campaign of the Communist Party of China (CPC), reflected in planning decisions from 1958 to 1961, which aimed to use China's vast population to rapidly transform the country from an agrarian economy into a modern communist society through the process of rapid industrialization, and collectivization. Mao Zedong led the campaign based on the Theory of Productive Forces, and intensified it after being informed of the impending disaster from grain shortages. Chief changes in the lives of rural Chinese included the introduction of a mandatory process of agricultural collectivization, which was introduced incrementally. Private farming was prohibited, and those engaged in it were labeled as counter revolutionaries and persecuted. Restrictions on rural people were enforced through public struggle sessions, and social pressure. The Great Leap ended in catastrophe, resulting in tens of millions of excess deaths. Estimates of the death toll range from 18 million to at least 45 million. In subsequent conferences in 1960 and 1962, the negative effects of the Great Leap Forward were studied by the CPC, and Mao was criticized in the party conferences. Moderate Party members like Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping rose to power, and Mao was marginalized within the party, leading him to initiate the Cultural Revolution in 1966. Pictures From History

日付：1958年1月1日

大躍進政策 （1958-61年）

China: Male commune team carrying heavy stones during the Great Leap Forward (1958-1961) The Great Leap Forward (simplified Chinese: ; traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: Dﾃ? yuﾃｨ jﾃｬn) of the People's Republic of China (PRC) was an economic and social campaign of the Communist Party of China (CPC), reflected in planning decisions from 1958 to 1961, which aimed to use China's vast population to rapidly transform the country from an agrarian economy into a modern communist society through the process of rapid industrialization, and collectivization. Mao Zedong led the campaign based on the Theory of Productive Forces, and intensified it after being informed of the impending disaster from grain shortages. Chief changes in the lives of rural Chinese included the introduction of a mandatory process of agricultural collectivization, which was introduced incrementally. Private farming was prohibited, and those engaged in it were labeled as counter revolutionaries and persecuted. Restrictions on rural people were enforced through public struggle sessions, and social pressure. The Great Leap ended in catastrophe, resulting in tens of millions of excess deaths. Estimates of the death toll range from 18 million to at least 45 million. In subsequent conferences in 1960 and 1962, the negative effects of the Great Leap Forward were studied by the CPC, and Mao was criticized in the party conferences. Moderate Party members like Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping rose to power, and Mao was marginalized within the party, leading him to initiate the Cultural Revolution in 1966. Pictures From History

日付：1958年1月1日

大躍進政策 （1958-61年）

China: Communal labour on a construction site during the Great Leap Forward (1958-1961) The Great Leap Forward (simplified Chinese: ; traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: Dﾃ? yuﾃｨ jﾃｬn) of the People's Republic of China (PRC) was an economic and social campaign of the Communist Party of China (CPC), reflected in planning decisions from 1958 to 1961, which aimed to use China's vast population to rapidly transform the country from an agrarian economy into a modern communist society through the process of rapid industrialization, and collectivization. Mao Zedong led the campaign based on the Theory of Productive Forces, and intensified it after being informed of the impending disaster from grain shortages. Chief changes in the lives of rural Chinese included the introduction of a mandatory process of agricultural collectivization, which was introduced incrementally. Private farming was prohibited, and those engaged in it were labeled as counter revolutionaries and persecuted. Restrictions on rural people were enforced through public struggle sessions, and social pressure. The Great Leap ended in catastrophe, resulting in tens of millions of excess deaths. Estimates of the death toll range from 18 million to at least 45 million. In subsequent conferences in 1960 and 1962, the negative effects of the Great Leap Forward were studied by the CPC, and Mao was criticized in the party conferences. Moderate Party members like Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping rose to power, and Mao was marginalized within the party, leading him to initiate the Cultural Revolution in 1966. Pictures From History

日付：1958年1月1日

大躍進政策 （1958-61年）

China: Hard labour in the rain during the Great Leap Forward (1958-1961) The Great Leap Forward (simplified Chinese: ; traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: Dﾃ? yuﾃｨ jﾃｬn) of the People's Republic of China (PRC) was an economic and social campaign of the Communist Party of China (CPC), reflected in planning decisions from 1958 to 1961, which aimed to use China's vast population to rapidly transform the country from an agrarian economy into a modern communist society through the process of rapid industrialization, and collectivization. Mao Zedong led the campaign based on the Theory of Productive Forces, and intensified it after being informed of the impending disaster from grain shortages. Chief changes in the lives of rural Chinese included the introduction of a mandatory process of agricultural collectivization, which was introduced incrementally. Private farming was prohibited, and those engaged in it were labeled as counter revolutionaries and persecuted. Restrictions on rural people were enforced through public struggle sessions, and social pressure. The Great Leap ended in catastrophe, resulting in tens of millions of excess deaths. Estimates of the death toll range from 18 million to at least 45 million. In subsequent conferences in 1960 and 1962, the negative effects of the Great Leap Forward were studied by the CPC, and Mao was criticized in the party conferences. Moderate Party members like Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping rose to power, and Mao was marginalized within the party, leading him to initiate the Cultural Revolution in 1966. Pictures From History

日付：1958年1月1日

劉少奇 （撮影日不明）

Liu Shao-Chi, ca.1899 - 1969, chin. Politiker, stellvertretender Vorsitzender der Nationalen Volksregierung seit 1949, Portrat, Halbprofil, 50er Jahre Portrait, Vorsitzender Nat. Volkskongres s.1958, Mitglied Zentralkomitee ZK der komuunistischen Partei, China Politik, historisch hist, Liu Shauqi Shao chi ch`i

日付：1950年1月1日

人物：劉 少奇

中国人民政治協商会議 （1949年９月）

China Peking Peking - Schluss der ersten Vollversammlung der politischen Konsultativkonferenz am 30.09.1949 in Beijing : v.l. Liu Shaoqi, Zhe De, Mao Zedong, Song Qingling, Li Yishen, Zhang Lan - 30.09.1949- 30.09.1949China Beijing Beijing - Final Ceremony of the first Plenary Session of People's Political Consultative Conference on September 30th, 1949: from left Liu Shaoqi, Zhe De, Mao Zedong, Song Qingling, Li Yishen, Zhang Lan.- 30.09.1949

日付：1949年9月1日

人物：毛 沢東

劉少奇・王光美 （1949年頃）

Liu Shaoqi (Liu Shao-ch'i, 24 November 1898 窶・12 November 1969) was a Chinese revolutionary, statesman, and theorist. He was Chairman of the People's Republic of China, China's head of state, from 27 April 1959 to 31 October 1968, during which he implemented policies of economic reconstruction in China. He fell out of favour in the later 1960s during the Cultural Revolution because of his perceived 'right-wing' viewpoints and, it is theorised, because Mao viewed Liu as a threat to his power. He disappeared from public life in 1968 and was labelled China's premier 'Capitalist-roader' and a traitor. He died under harsh treatment in late 1969, but he was posthumously rehabilitated by Deng Xiaoping's government in 1980 and given a state funeral. Wang Guangmei (26 September 1921 - 13 October 2006) was a respected Chinese politician, philanthropist, and First Lady, the wife of Liu Shaoqi, who served as the President of the People's Republic from 1959-1968. Pictures From History

日付：1949年1月1日

人物：劉 少奇

王光美・劉少奇 （1949年頃）

Liu Shaoqi (Liu Shao-ch'i, 24 November 1898 窶・12 November 1969) was a Chinese revolutionary, statesman, and theorist. He was Chairman of the People's Republic of China, China's head of state, from 27 April 1959 to 31 October 1968, during which he implemented policies of economic reconstruction in China. He fell out of favour in the later 1960s during the Cultural Revolution because of his perceived 'right-wing' viewpoints and, it is theorised, because Mao viewed Liu as a threat to his power. He disappeared from public life in 1968 and was labelled China's premier 'Capitalist-roader' and a traitor. He died under harsh treatment in late 1969, but he was posthumously rehabilitated by Deng Xiaoping's government in 1980 and given a state funeral. Wang Guangmei (26 September 1921 - 13 October 2006) was a respected Chinese politician, philanthropist, and First Lady, the wife of Liu Shaoqi, who served as the President of the People's Republic from 1959-1968. Pictures From History

日付：1949年1月1日

人物：劉 少奇

陳毅・劉少奇 （1934年）

China: Liu Shaoqi, Jacob Rosenfeld and Chen Yi with the New Fourth Army at Yancheng, Jiangsu, 1934 Jakob Rosenfeld (1903-1952), more commonly known as General Luo, served as the Minister of Health in the 1947 Provisional Communist Military Government of China under Mao Zedong. Rosenfeld, a Jew born in Lemberg, the Austro-Hungarian Empire (today Lviv, Ukraine), was raised in Wﾃｶllersdorf near Wiener Neustadt. He graduated in medicine with a specialization in urology from Vienna University. After the Anschluss, Rosenfeld was deported to Dachau concentration camp and later to Buchenwald. In 1939 he was released and had to leave the country within two weeks. Since China did not require Jews to apply for a visa, he fled to the Shanghai ghetto. From 1941 he served the Chinese Communist force as a field doctor for the New Fourth Army, the Eighth Route Army and the Northeast People's Liberation Army during the outbreak of Second Sino-Japanese war and Chinese civil war. He chose to remain in China after the fall of the Nazi regime and participated in the People's Liberation Army's march on Beijing before returning in 1949 to Europe to search for relatives, most of whom had perished in the Holocaust. Pictures From History

日付：1934年1月1日

人物：劉 少奇

王光美 （撮影日不明）

Wang Guangmei (26 September 1921 - 13 October 2006) was a respected Chinese politician, philanthropist, and First Lady, the wife of Liu Shaoqi, who served as the President of the People's Republic from 1959-1968. Pictures From History

日付：1921年1月1日

王光美 （撮影日不明）

Wang Guangmei (26 September 1921 - 13 October 2006) was a respected Chinese politician, philanthropist, and First Lady, the wife of Liu Shaoqi, who served as the President of the People's Republic from 1959-1968. Pictures From History

日付：1921年1月1日

劉少奇 （撮影日不明）

PFH1168622 Liu Shaoqi (Liu Shao-ch'i, 24 November 1898 - 12 November 1969) was a Chinese revolutionary, statesman, and theorist. He was Chairman of the People's Republic of China, China's head of state, from 27 April 1959 to 31 October 1968, during which he implemented policies of economic reconstruction in China. He fell out of favour in the later 1960s during the Cultural Revolution because of his perceived 'right-wing' viewpoints and, it is theorised, because Mao viewed Liu as a threat to his power. He disappeared from public life in 1968 and was labelled China's premier 'Capitalist-roader' and a traitor. He died under harsh treatment in late 1969, but he was posthumously rehabilitated by Deng Xiaoping's government in 1980 and given a state funeral.

日付：1898年1月1日

人物：劉 少奇

王光美・劉少奇 （撮影日不明）

Liu Shaoqi (Liu Shao-ch'i, 24 November 1898 窶・12 November 1969) was a Chinese revolutionary, statesman, and theorist. He was Chairman of the People's Republic of China, China's head of state, from 27 April 1959 to 31 October 1968, during which he implemented policies of economic reconstruction in China. He fell out of favour in the later 1960s during the Cultural Revolution because of his perceived 'right-wing' viewpoints and, it is theorised, because Mao viewed Liu as a threat to his power. He disappeared from public life in 1968 and was labelled China's premier 'Capitalist-roader' and a traitor. He died under harsh treatment in late 1969, but he was posthumously rehabilitated by Deng Xiaoping's government in 1980 and given a state funeral. Wang Guangmei (26 September 1921 - 13 October 2006) was a respected Chinese politician, philanthropist, and First Lady, the wife of Liu Shaoqi, who served as the President of the People's Republic from 1959-1968. Pictures From History

日付：1898年1月1日

人物：劉 少奇

劉少奇 （撮影日不明）

PFH1168623 Liu Shaoqi (Liu Shao-ch'i, 24 November 1898 - 12 November 1969) was a Chinese revolutionary, statesman, and theorist. He was Chairman of the People's Republic of China, China's head of state, from 27 April 1959 to 31 October 1968, during which he implemented policies of economic reconstruction in China. He fell out of favour in the later 1960s during the Cultural Revolution because of his perceived 'right-wing' viewpoints and, it is theorised, because Mao viewed Liu as a threat to his power. He disappeared from public life in 1968 and was labelled China's premier 'Capitalist-roader' and a traitor. He died under harsh treatment in late 1969, but he was posthumously rehabilitated by Deng Xiaoping's government in 1980 and given a state funeral.

日付：1898年1月1日

人物：劉 少奇

geography / travel, China, politics, poster, caricature of Liu Shaoqi as "traitor", late 1960s,

日付：0001年1月1日

geography / travel, China, politics, poster, caricature of Liu Shaoqi as capitalist, late 1960s,

日付：0001年1月1日

geography / travel, China, politics, poster, caricature of Liu Shaoqi as "revisionist", being killed by a monkey, late 1960s,

日付：0001年1月1日

geography / travel, China, politics, poster, caricature of Liu Shaoqi as "traitor", late 1960s,

日付：0001年1月1日

geography / travel, China, politics, poster, caricature of Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev and Liu Shaoqi as "revisionists", late 1960s,

日付：0001年1月1日

geography / travel, China, politics, poster, caricature of Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev and Liu Shaoqi as "revisionists", late 1960s,

日付：0001年1月1日

【Magnum Photos】Wu Yinxian撮影

LIU Shaoqi. Once president of China and MAO' s designated successor, LIU was imprisoned and denied medical treatment by MAO's Red Guards. He died during the Cultural Revolution.

日付：0001年1月1日

毛沢東 （撮影日不明）

From left to right : Zhou Enlai (1898-1976), the 10th Panchen-Lama, Mao Ze Dong (1893-1976), the 14th dalaï-lama (Tenzin Gyatso, born in 1935) and Liu Shaoqi (1898-1974).

日付：0001年1月1日

人物：毛 沢東, 劉 少奇, ダライ・ラマ14世, 周 恩来

geography / travel, China, politics, poster, the name of the "traitor" Liu Shaoqi, written in the shape of bones and skulls, late 1960s,

日付：0001年1月1日